html,body{font-size:16px !important;line-height:18px !important;height:100%;color:#333;padding:0;margin:0}*,html,body{font-family:"Poppins",sans-serif;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;text-rendering:geometrirecision;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);outline:none !important;letter-spacing:-0.1px;word-wrap:break-word}.row{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;padding:0 2px}.col{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%;margin-bottom:20px;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px}.col .entity-item{height:100%}strong,b{font-family:"Poppins",sans-serif;font-weight:bold}figure{margin:0;padding:0}a{text-decoration:none;color:#174fae}a:hover{text-decoration:underline}pre{padding:5px;margin-top:20px;background:#f3f3f3;border:1px solid #ccc}p{font-size:18px;line-height:24px}.link{cursor:pointer}.nowrap{white-space:nowrap}.overflow-auto{overflow:auto !important;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch !important}.h1,.h2,.h3,.h4,.h5,.h6,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-family:"Poppins",sans-serif;font-weight:bold}.multiple:after{content:',';margin-right:4px}.multiple:last-child:after{content:'';margin-right:0}.icon-home{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.icon-home svg{fill:#fff;width:15px;height:15px}.icon svg{fill:#fff;width:35px;height:35px}.m-0{margin:0 !important}.p-0{padding:0 !important}.mt-0{margin-top:0 !important}.mb-0{margin-bottom:0 !important}.mb-2{margin-bottom:10px !important}.me-1{margin-right:5px !important}.me-2{margin-right:10px !important}.mb-4{margin-bottom:20px !important}.mt-2{margin-top:20px !important}.mt-1{margin-top:10px !important}.opacity-0{opacity:0 !important}hr{border:0;border-top:1px solid #ccc}.hide-scrollbar{overflow-x:scroll;scrollbar-width:none}.hide-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}.d-none{display:none !important}.btn{display:inline-block;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;color:#212529;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:middle;cursor:pointer;-webkit--select:none;-moz--select:none;-select:none;background-color:transparent;border:1px solid transparent;padding:.375rem .75rem;font-size:1rem;border-radius:.25rem;transition:color .15s ease-in-out,background-color .15s ease-in-out,border-color .15s ease-in-out,box-shadow .15s ease-in-out}.btn:hover{text-decoration:none}.btn-link{font-weight:400;color:#0d6efd;text-decoration:none}.btn-group-sm>.btn,.btn-sm{padding:.25rem .5rem;font-size:.875rem;border-radius:.2rem}.btn-outline-dark{color:#212529;border-color:#212529}.btn-outline-dark a{color:#212529}.btn-outline-dark:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#212529;border-color:#212529}.btn-outline-dark:hover a{color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.btn-outline-light{color:#f8f9fa;border-color:#f8f9fa}.btn-outline-light:hover{color:#000;background-color:#f8f9fa;border-color:#f8f9fa}.btn-secondary{color:#fff;background-color:#6c757d;border-color:#6c757d}.btn-dark{color:#fff;background-color:#001c4c;border-color:#001c4c}.btn-danger{color:#fff;background-color:#dc3545;border-color:#dc3545}.btn-light{color:#000;background-color:#f8f9fa;border-color:#f8f9fa}.btn-rounded{border-radius:50px}.btn-dark:hover{color:#ccc}.btn-outline-dark{color:#212529;border-color:#212529}.btn-outline-dark:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#212529;border-color:#212529}.btn-movie{font-size:25px;line-height:25px;padding:0;border-radius:50% !important;width:60px;height:60px;margin:0 15px 0 0;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.btn-movie svg{width:30px;height:30px}.btn-icon{line-height:0}.btn-icon svg{fill:#fff;width:1.1em;height:1.1em}.btn-movie:hover svg{fill:#fff}.breadcrumb{font-size:16px;line-height:30px}.breadcrumb{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:0;margin-bottom:1rem;list-style:none}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item{padding-left:.5rem}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item::before{float:left;padding-right:.5rem;color:#6c757d;content:"/";font-size:12px}.sidebar{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;height:100%;flex-direction:column}.sticky-box{height:100%;width:100%;margin-bottom:20px;padding:0}.banner{position:sticky;top:10px;margin-bottom:20px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.banner ins{position:sticky;top:10px;text-decoration:none;display:block;overflow:hidden !important}.banner ins:after{content:'PUBLICIDAD';background:#f5f5f5;width:100%;display:block;text-align:center;font-size:12px;line-height:12px;padding:4px 0}.bottom-ad-module{display:none}.roba-mobile{display:none}.roba-mobile,.roba-desktop{min-height:600px}.roba-desktop{display:flex;justify-content:start;align-items:end;flex-direction:column;width:320px;max-width:320px}.board-article-outbrain{margin-bottom:40px}.input-group{position:relative;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:stretch;width:100%}.input-group>.form-control,.input-group>.form-select{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;width:1%;min-width:0}.input-group:not(.has-validation)>.dropdown-toggle:nth-last-child(n+3),.input-group:not(.has-validation)>:not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle):not(.dropdown-menu){border-top-right-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0}.input-group>:not(:first-child):not(.dropdown-menu):not(.valid-tooltip):not(.valid-):not(.invalid-tooltip):not(.invalid-){margin-left:-1px;border-top-left-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0}.form-control{display:block;width:100%;padding:.375rem .75rem;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;color:#212529;background-color:#fff;background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid #ced4da;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;border-radius:.25rem;transition:border-color .15s ease-in-out,box-shadow .15s ease-in-out}.form-control-sm{min-height:calc(1.5em+.5rem+2px);padding:.25rem .5rem;font-size:.875rem;border-radius:.2rem}.container{width:1140px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.top{margin-bottom:20px}.topbar-container{width:100%;background-color:#001c4c}.topbar{position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;padding:10px 0;z-index:2}.header-section{border-top:1px solid #fff;background-color:#eaede2;padding:10px 0;text-align:center}.header-section .header-section-title,.header-section .header-section-title a{font-family:"Poppins",sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-size:26px;line-height:26px;margin:0;padding:0;color:#001c4c}.menu-container{width:100%}.menu{position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;border-bottom:1px solid #ffffff59;padding:5px 0;z-index:2;background-color:#f3f3f3}.menu .navbar-nav{display:flex;flex-direction:row;list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}.menu .navbar-nav .nav-link{display:block;padding:.5rem;text-decoration:none;transition:color .15s ease-in-out,background-color .15s ease-in-out,border-color .15s ease-in-out;color:rgba(0,0,0,.55);font-weight:500;font-size:14px;line-height:14px;text-transform:uppercase}.form-search-container{padding:15px 0;width:auto;background-color:#e9f1f8}.form-search{display:flex;flex-direction:row;justify-content:center;width:1140px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.form-search form{display:flex;width:50%}.form-search .input-search-autocomplete{background-color:#ffffffa8}.section{width:100%;margin-bottom:40px}.section .section-header{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;border-top:3px solid #001c4c;border-bottom:1px solid #001c4c;margin-bottom:20px}.section .section-header p,.section .section-header h2,.section .section-header h1{font-size:24px;line-height:28px;font-weight:bold;color:#001c4c;font-size:24px;line-height:24px;padding:10px 0;margin:0}.entity-item{display:flex;flex-direction:column;position:relative;width:100%;border-bottom:4px solid #001c4c;background:#f3f3f3;box-shadow:0 0 4px #000;text-align:left;margin-bottom:0}.entity-item .entity-item-details{order:1;padding:10px}.entity-item .entity-title,.entity-item .entity-title a{font-size:18px;line-height:20px;font-family:"Poppins",sans-serif;font-weight:600;color:#333;text-decoration:none;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;text-transform:uppercase}.entity-item .entity-title small{font-size:14px;line-height:16px}.entity-item .entity-title a:before{content:"";top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;display:block;margin:0;padding:0;position:absolute;z-index:2}.entity-item .entity-item-image{order:0}.entity-item .figure{position:relative;aspect-ratio:.66666667;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;background-color:#222;color:#fff;overflow:hidden}.entity-item .figure:after{content:var(--category-var);position:absolute;bottom:5px;right:5px;font-size:14px;line-height:14px;text-align:right;background:#2e579e;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;padding:3px 6px;border-radius:5px}.entity-item .figure .img{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover}.footer{background-color:#001c4c;padding:20px 0}.footer .container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;text-align:center}.footer p{font-size:14px;line-height:1;color:#fff;text-align:center;padding:0 10px}.footer a{color:#ccc}.gallery{display:grid;grid-auto-flow:column;grid-auto-columns:calc(100% / 1.1);gap:10px;overflow-x:scroll;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory;scroll-behavior:smooth}.gallery figure{scroll-snap-align:start;position:relative;aspect-ratio:16 / 9;border-radius:10px;border:1px solid #ccc;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;background-color:#222;color:#fff;width:100%}.gallery img{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;border-radius:10px}.video-gallery{display:grid;grid-auto-flow:column;grid-auto-columns:calc(100% / 1.1);gap:10px;overflow-x:scroll;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory;scroll-behavior:smooth}.video{scroll-snap-align:start;border-radius:10px;overflow:hidden}.video iframe{width:100%;height:100%;aspect-ratio:16 / 9}.entity-gallery .gallery-row>*{border:1px solid #ffffff00}.entity-gallery .gallery-row{display:grid;grid-auto-flow:column;grid-auto-columns:calc(100% / 4.06);gap:15px;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory;scroll-behavior:smooth;scroll-padding:0}.entity-gallery .gallery-row-6{grid-auto-columns:calc(100% / 5.9)}.entity-gallery .gallery-column{width:100%;scroll-snap-align:start;object-fit:cover}.entity-gallery .entity-item{display:flex;flex-direction:column;position:relative;margin-bottom:0;height:100%}.carousel-wrapper{position:relative}.carousel-button{position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);background-color:#00000099;color:white;border:0;padding:10px 10px;cursor:pointer;z-index:10;border-radius:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.carousel-button svg{fill:#fff;width:20px;height:20px}.carousel-prev{left:0}.carousel-next{right:0}.accordion{width:100%;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:8px}.accordion-item{border-top:1px solid #ccc}.accordion-header{display:flex;justify-content:start;align-items:center;padding:15px;cursor:pointer;font-weight:bold}.accordion-header .badge{background-color:#6c757d;color:#fff;padding:5px 10px;border-radius:4px;font-size:14px}.accordion-checkbox{display:none}.accordion-content{max-height:0;overflow:hidden;transition:max-height .3s ease;padding:0 10px;background-color:#fff}.accordion-checkbox:checked ~ .accordion-content{max-height:500vh;padding:0 10px}.accordion-content .table{width:100%;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;border-collapse:collapse}.accordion-content .table td{padding:10px;border:1px solid #ddd}.accordion-item:first-of-type{border-top:0}.accordion-header::after{flex-shrink:0;margin-left:auto;content:"+";background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1.25rem;transition:transform .2s ease-in-out}.accordion-header h4{font-weight:normal}.accordion-content p{margin-top:0}.no-disponible{text-align:center}@media(max-width:1024px){.container{width:100%}.top{margin-bottom:0}.other-container{width:100%;margin:0;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px}.col{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.menu{display:block}.aside-container{display:none}.form-search{width:100%}.form-search form{display:flex;width:100%;margin:0 15px}.entity-item .entity-title,.entity-item .entity-title a{font-size:16px;line-height:18px}.breadcrumb{margin-bottom:10px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px}.gallery{grid-auto-columns:calc(100% / 1.1)}.entity-gallery .gallery-row{grid-auto-columns:calc(100% / 2.3)}.section .section-header p,.section .section-header h2,.section .section-header h1{font-size:20px;line-height:22px}.roba-desktop{display:none}.roba-mobile{position:relative;top:0;margin-bottom:30px;display:flex;justify-content:start;align-items:center;flex-direction:column;width:calc(100vw - 30px);max-width:calc(100vw - 30px)}.roba-mobile ins{position:sticky;top:0}.bottom-ad-module{display:block;position:fixed;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;margin:0;box-shadow:0 -1px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);text-align:center;line-height:0;background:#f5f5f5;z-index:3000004;transition:transform .5s ease,opacity .5s ease}.bottom-ad-module-hidden{transform:translateY(100%);opacity:0}.bottom-ad-module .publi-box__close-btn{display:block;color:#666;background:#f5f5f5;z-index:1000001;font-size:17px;padding:5px;box-shadow:1px -2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);border-top-left-radius:8px;width:28px;height:28px;position:absolute;top:-28px;right:0;cursor:pointer}} .article{width:100%}.movie-header{position:relative;margin-bottom:40px;display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:flex-start}.movie-header .figure{position:relative;aspect-ratio:.66666667;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;background-color:#222;color:#fff;width:250px;flex:0 0 250px;overflow:hidden;margin-right:20px}.movie-header .figure .img{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover}.movie-title-container{margin:0 auto;z-index:1;flex:1 1 100%;overflow:hidden}.movie-title-container .title{border-top:4px solid #001c4c;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;font-weight:bold;font-size:36px;line-height:38px;margin:0;padding:10px 0;margin-bottom:20px;color:#001c4c;text-transform:uppercase}.movie-title-container .author-name{margin-bottom:30px}.movie-title-container .author-name a{font-weight:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.movie-title-container .categories{position:absolute;bottom:0;margin-bottom:0}.movie-title-container .categories-relative{position:relative}.movie-title-container .categories a{margin-bottom:10px;margin-right:5px}.movie-title-container .tagline{margin-bottom:20px}.movie-buttons{display:flex;align-items:center;margin-bottom:20px}.movie-buttons .btn-buy{font-size:20px;line-height:1;font-family:sans-serif;font-weight:normal;text-transform:uppercase;height:60px;justify-content:center;align-items:center;display:flex;padding:0 30px;border-radius:30px}.movie-buttons .discountPercentage{font-size:22px;line-height:22px;font-weight:bold;color:green}.movie-container{display:flex;flex-direction:row}.movie-body{margin:0;width:780px;flex:0 0 780px;overflow:hidden}.aside-container{text-align:right;width:320px;flex:0 0 320px;position:relative;margin-left:40px}.providers{width:100%}.providers .provider-container{margin-bottom:20px}.providers a{margin-right:10px;display:inline-block}.providers a:last-child{margin-right:0}.providers img{width:55px;height:55px;border-radius:5px}.providers .provider-type{display:block;background:#eaede2;padding:5px;margin-bottom:10px;font-weight:bold}.providers .provider-container:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.movie-info .row-info{display:flex;flex-direction:row;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px}.movie-info .col-title{font-size:18px;line-height:24px;width:40%;flex:0 0 40%;display:flex;align-items:center;margin:0;font-weight:normal}.movie-info .col-title .icon{display:flex;margin-right:5px}.movie-info .col-title .icon svg{width:20px;height:20px}.movie-info .col-value{width:60%;flex:0 0 60%}.movie-info .col-value p{padding:0;margin:0}.movie-info .col-value .link{white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;display:block;overflow:hidden}.movie-share{position:fixed;bottom:10px;right:10px;z-index:1000}.movie-share .btn{font-size:25px;line-height:25px;padding:0;border-radius:50% !important;width:60px;height:60px;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;background:#064cc3}.movie-share .btn svg{width:30px;height:30px;fill:#fff}.circle-wrap{width:60px;height:60px;background:#ccc;border-radius:50%;margin:0 15px 0 0;z-index:1}.circle-wrap .circle{position:relative}.circle-wrap .circle .mask,.circle-wrap .circle .fill{width:60px;height:60px;position:absolute;border-radius:50%}.mask .fill{clip:rect(0,30px,60px,0);background-color:#000}.circle-wrap .circle .mask{clip:rect(0,60px,60px,30px)}.circle-wrap .inside-circle{font-family:sans-serif;width:49px;height:49px;border-radius:50%;background:#064cc3;color:#fff;position:absolute;z-index:100;font-weight:700;font-size:18px;line-height:18px;top:5px;left:5px;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}@media(max-width:1024px){.movie-body{width:100%;flex:0 0 100%;overflow:unset}.movie-header{flex-direction:column}.movie-header .figure{margin:0;width:100%;flex:0 0 100%;background-color:transparent;aspect-ratio:unset;padding:20px 50px}.movie-header .figure .img{position:relative;height:auto;box-shadow:0 0 10px 0 #333}.movie-title-container{width:100%;margin:0;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;text-align:center}.movie-title-container .title{border-top:0;font-size:26px;line-height:30px;margin:0 0 20px 0}.movie-buttons{flex-direction:column;margin-bottom:30px;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-bottom:20px}.movie-buttons .btn-buy{margin-bottom:10px}.movie-title-container .categories{position:relative}.movie-container{margin:0;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px}.movie-info .row-info{flex-direction:column}.movie-info .col-title,.movie-info .col-value p,.movie-info .col-value a{margin:0}.movie-info .col-title{width:100%;flex:0 0 100%;font-weight:600}.movie-info .col-value{width:100%;flex:0 0 100%}}
El objetivo fundamental que se pretende alcanzar con esta publicación de exámenes resueltos, es proporcionar material de trabajo a aquellos estudiantes que tengan inquietud por ampliar sus conocimientos y adquirir una mayor preparación para afrontar con éxito sus estudios. La disposición de los exámenes y prácticas resueltos se ha estructurado colocando inicialmente los enunciados de cada uno de ellos y en páginas siguientes la resolución de todos los detalles constructivos y cuestiones solicitadas. Posiblemente algún detalle constructivo pueda parecer similar al de otros exámenes. Pese a ello se mantiene el mismo examen porque cada detalle no se puede estudiar y resolver como un elemento aislado, sino que hay que contemplarlo vinculado al resto de la estructura, analizando cargas y disposición de los restantes elementos estructurales que influyen sobre el mismo. Son enfoques diferentes y contienen matices distintos sobre la misma cuestión. Todo ello siempre desde el punto de vista constructivo, independientemente de los cálculos y dimensiones. Esta publicación forma parte de un amplio trabajo concebido especialmente para los estudiantes de Arquitectura Técnica, Ingenierías y otros estudios vinculados a la Construcción de Edificios. Está estructurado en 4 volúmenes: Tomo 1.- Estructuras de hormigón armado: cimentación, muros, pilares y jácenas, uniones, según normativa vigente. Tomo 2.- Forjados unidireccionales de viguetas de hormigón, forjados reticulares y de chapa nervada colaborante. Tomo 3.- Estructuras metálicas en edificios y naves. Uniones. Tomo 4.- Escaleras. En la resolución de los detalles se han contemplado las Instrucciones EHE, EFHE, NCSE-02 y CTE.
Pascual Urban Brotons
Hasta su nombramiento como subdirector de la Escuela Politécnica Superior de la Universidad de Alicante, Pascual Urbán ha ejercido como profesor de Construcción de Estructuras de Arquitectura Técnica. No oculta el orgullo que le produce haber publicado libros sobre Cimentaciones profundas, Construcción de estructuras de hormigón armado, Construcción de estructuras metálicas y Construcción de estructuras de madera. Con gran satisfacción recuerda su etapa como arquitecto técnico municipal y reconoce estar orgulloso de su participación en la restauración del Ayuntamiento, algunos colegios públicos y algunas iglesias, como la de San José, pero, por encima de todo, de haber colaborado en que el barrio de El Raval levantara cabeza y saliera de la situación de ruina urbanística y deterioro que sufría en la década de los años 70.
Ver ficha de Pascual Urban Brotons »